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Wikipedia
Introduction
Hysteresis is a phenomenon observed in various physical systems where the current state depends not only on the current input but also on the system’s past history. This means that the system’s response to a change in input is not immediately reversible, and a lag or delay occurs. This lag often results in the system following a different path when the input is reversed compared to the path it took during the initial change. This behavior is graphically represented by a hysteresis loop, where the output lags behind the input, creating a closed curve rather than a single line.
Magnetic hysteresis
In electromagnets, magnetic hysteresis manifests as a lag between the magnetic field (B) and the applied magnetizing force (H). When an electromagnet is initially magnetized by increasing the current, the magnetic field increases, but not linearly. As the current is reduced back to zero, the magnetic field does not return to zero along the same path. Instead, it follows a different curve, retaining some magnetism even when the current is removed. This remaining magnetism is called remanence. To fully demagnetize the electromagnet, a reverse current must be applied. This hysteresis loop behavior is due to the realignment and irreversible changes in the magnetic domains within the ferromagnetic core material of the electromagnet.